Makampani amkuwa, monga gawo lalikulu lamakampani opanga mawaya ndi zingwe, adakhalapo ndi "mavuto amkati ndi zovuta zakunja" m'zaka zaposachedwa.Kumbali imodzi, mpikisano wa anzawo ukukula kwambiri, ndipo kumbali ina, ukuwopsezedwa ndi olowa m'malo.
Monga tonse tikudziwa, mkuwa ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yosungiramo zinthu m'dzikoli, malinga ndi momwe migodi yamkuwa imagwiritsidwira ntchito panopa, migodi ya mkuwa yotsimikiziridwa ya ku China ikhoza kukumana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa dziko kwa zaka 5.Pakalipano, makampani opanga zingwe zoweta amadya matani oposa 5 miliyoni amkuwa, oposa 60%.Kuti likwaniritse zofuna zanthawi zonse, dziko lino likufunika kuwononga ndalama zambiri zakunja chaka chilichonse kuti liziitanitsa kunja kwa mkuwa, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 3/5 yamkuwa.
M'magawo otsika omwe amafunikira makampani osagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, magetsi, malo ogulitsa nyumba, zoyendera (makamaka magalimoto), makina ndi zida zamagetsi ndizo zigawo zazikulu.Pakati pa zitsulo zogawanika, pafupifupi 30% ya aluminiyumu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba, ndipo pafupifupi 23% imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa (koma makamaka magalimoto);Pafupifupi 45% ya mkuwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi ndi magetsi;Pafupifupi 6% ya lead imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chingwe;Zinc imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'nyumba, milatho, mapaipi, ndi misewu yayikulu ndi njanji.
Kachiwiri, m'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchokera kumakampani opanga mawaya am'nyumba ndi zingwe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa mkuwa, kuphatikiza ndi zida za aluminiyamu ndizochulukirapo kuposa zida zamkuwa - zida za bauxite zaku China zili pamlingo wapakatikati, wokhala ndi madera opangira 310, zogawidwa m'zigawo 19 (zigawo).Matani 2.27 biliyoni omwe adasungidwa padziko lonse lapansi - chifukwa chake, msika wamkuwa wakhudzanso zina.
Kusanthula mpikisano wamakampani amkuwa am'nyumba
Omwe atha kulowa nawo mumakampani osungunula mkuwa ndi ndalama zapadera komanso ndalama zakunja, koma ndalama zapadera nthawi zambiri zimatsata zopindulitsa kwakanthawi, ndipo kusungunula mkuwa kumafuna ndalama zambiri zoyambira komanso luso laukadaulo, kuphatikiza ndi malamulo okhwima a boma pazachuma chamakampani, poyambira. akukwezedwa, kuletsa otsika mlingo mobwerezabwereza yomanga ndi nthawi yomanga yaitali ndi zoletsa zina, likulu lapadera n'zokayikitsa kulowa mkuwa smelting makampani pamlingo waukulu.Mkuwa ndi dziko njira gwero, ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa chitetezo cha dziko, boma ali zoletsa okhwima pa kulowa likulu yachilendo, likulu yachilendo makamaka anaikira mkuwa processing makampani.Choncho, ponseponse, omwe angathe kulowa m'makampani akuluakulu amkuwa omwe alipo panopa sakuwopsyeza.
Pakali pano, China mkuwa smelting ndi processing makampani panopa akukumana ambiri mabizinezi ndi ang'onoang'ono, mu 2012, mabizinesi akuluakulu mu makampani mlandu 5,48%, mabizinesi sing'anga-kakulidwe nkhani 13,87%, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi 80,65%.Mphamvu zonse za R&D za bizinesiyo sikokwanira, mwayi wotsika mtengo ukutha pang'onopang'ono, mabizinesi osungunula migodi yamkuwa mumakampani opanga mkuwa pamlingo waukulu, kutsatsa kwamabizinesi apamwamba komanso kupanga kwazinthu zotsika mtengo. ndi mndandanda wazomwe zikuchitika.Pachitukuko chanthawi yayitali chamakampani opanga mkuwa ku China, magulu angapo amakampani akuluakulu monga Jinlong, Jintian ndi Hailiang apangidwa, ndipo makampani angapo omwe adatchulidwa monga Jiangxi Copper, Tongling Nonferrous Metal ndi Jingcheng Copper adatulukiranso.Magulu akuluakulu amalonda azindikira bwino kugwirizanitsa ndi kukonzanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, ndipo mabizinesi osungunula m'nyumba alowa m'mabizinesi opangira mkuwa pamlingo waukulu.
Zowopsa zambiri kumakampani amkuwa
Kukula kwa mafakitale amkuwa kumakumananso ndi zovuta zina.Chifukwa cha kukula kwachangu kwa kufunikira kwa mkuwa ndi kuchepa kwa zinthu zamkuwa, mtengo wa zinthu zamkuwa wakhala ukukwera kwambiri ndipo umasinthasintha kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mtengo wamakampani amkuwa akutsika wakhalabe wapamwamba, kotero kuti makampani otsika ali ndi chilimbikitso chopeza njira zina.Mukalowa m'malo mwa zinthu zamkuwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosasinthika.Monga kulowetsa m'malo mwa waya wamkuwa m'malo mwa waya wamkuwa, m'malo mwa aluminiyamu m'mafakitale amagetsi, ndikusintha pang'ono aluminiyumu yamkuwa m'munda wafiriji.Pamene zida zina zikupitilirabe, msika umachepetsa kufunikira kwa ogula mkuwa.Ngakhale kuti m'kanthawi kochepa, njira zina sizingasinthe kusowa kwa zinthu zamkuwa, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zamkuwa kudzapitiriza kukula, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, kufunikira kokwanira kwa mafakitale a mkuwa kumakhala koopsa.Mwachitsanzo, m'makampani ogwiritsira ntchito mkuwa, kupititsa patsogolo luso la "aluminium copper" ndi "aluminium copper substitute", komanso kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe ka "kuwala kukhala mkuwa" kudzakhudza kwambiri kufunika kwa mkuwa.
Ndipotu, chifukwa cha mtengo wamtengo wapatali wamkuwa, phindu la makampani opanga zingwe likupitirirabe, makampani opanga chingwe chapakhomo "mkuwa ndi aluminium", "aluminium m'malo mwa mkuwa" wakhala wochuluka kwambiri.Ndipo makampani ena a chingwe amatengera mayiko a Kumadzulo monga chitsanzo - United States Electrical Installation Code 2008 (NEC) Article 310 "General Waya Zofunikira" imatanthawuza kuti kondakitala wa kondakitala ndi waya wamkuwa, mkuwa wovala aluminium kapena aluminiyamu (alloy) waya.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mutuwu umatchula kukula kochepa kwa aluminiyamu yachitsulo yamkuwa ndi mkuwa, mawaya a aluminiyamu (aloyi), kapangidwe ka mawaya, mikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito komanso mphamvu yonyamulira pansi pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana - kutsimikizira kuti zida za aluminiyamu sizingathe kuonetsetsa kuti zikhazikika. ntchito, komanso kuyika, zoyendetsa ndi zina zotsika mtengo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri makampani amkuwa.
Ngakhale, pakali pano, makampani chingwe zoweta sikunathe kukhala mogwirizana ndi zofuna msika kapena ambiri okondedwa ndi ogwiritsa "zotayidwa m'malo mkuwa" mankhwala chingwe, koma chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti mbali imodzi mankhwala kafukufuku luso ndi. chitukuko sichinakhwime, china ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zapakhomo akadali pagawo lodikirira.Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa teknoloji ya "aluminium-substituted copper" ndi kukhathamiritsa kosalekeza kwa mankhwala, zidzakhudza kwambiri makampani amkuwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, boma lakhazikitsanso miyezo ingapo yolimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale a aluminiyamu.Mwachitsanzo, chingwe cha aluminiyamu chopangidwa ndi mkuwa cha mkuwa kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100 chinayamba kukula, pakali pano China yapanga miyezo ya makampani opanga mawaya amkuwa ovala zitsulo zamkuwa ndizitsulo zamkuwa za aluminiyamu zakhala zambiri.Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga zamagetsi ku China SJ/T 11223-2000 "Copper clad aluminium waya" mulingo wosagwirizana ndi ASTM B566-1993 "waya wa aluminiyamu wamkuwa", womwe umafotokozera zofunikira pamapangidwe a ma conductor ovala aluminium amkuwa. zipangizo zamagetsi ndi waya ndi chingwe.Kuonjezera apo, Liaoning Province inapereka ndondomeko ya m'deralo kuyambira 2008: DB21 / T 1622-2008 J11218-2008 "Copper clad aluminiyamu waya ndi chingwe luso specifications" (olembedwa ndi Design and Research Institute of Northeastern University).Pomaliza, mu 2009, Xinjiang Autonomous Region anapereka mfundo m'deralo: DB65/T 3032-2009 "Ovoteledwa voteji 450/750V Copper-atavala zotayidwa gulu pachimake PVC insulated chingwe" ndi DB65/T 3033-2009 "Ovoteledwa voteji 0,6/1 mkuwa voteji 0.6/1 k -Chingwe cha aluminiyamu chophatikizika chopangidwa ndi chingwe chamagetsi chopangidwa ndi insulated ".
Mwachidule, makampani opanga zingwe ndiye wamkulu kwambiri wogulitsa zida zopangira - makampani amkuwa akupitilizabe kuvomereza zovuta kuchokera mkati ndi kunja.Kumbali imodzi, kusowa kwa zinthu zamkuwa zamkuwa, komano, ukadaulo waukadaulo wa "aluminium kupulumutsa mkuwa" ukukulirakulira nthawi zonse kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, chifukwa chake, m'tsogolomu, makampani opanga mkuwa adzapita kuti, komanso ayenera kutero. kuyesa limodzi misika yakumtunda ndi yotsika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-28-2024